What problem do out-of-stocks typically cause for retailers?

Out-of-stocks primarily lead to lost purchase opportunities for retailers. When a product is not available on the shelf, customers are unable to complete their intended purchases, which can result in significant revenue loss for the retailer. Potential buyers may leave the store empty-handed and may choose to buy from competitors who have the product in stock. Alternatively, they might postpone their purchase entirely, affecting future sales as well. This issue can damage customer satisfaction and loyalty over time, as consumers may be deterred from shopping at a retailer that frequently runs out of popular items.

The other options, while related to inventory management and retail performance, do not capture the fundamental impact of out-of-stocks. Increased inventory costs do not directly stem from out-of-stocks; rather, they relate to mismanagement of stock levels. Enhanced brand loyalty is unlikely to arise from out-of-stock situations, as customers may feel frustrated and seek alternatives. Similarly, higher profit margins are not a direct consequence of out-of-stocks; in fact, retailers may experience lower profitability due to missed sales opportunities.